| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p |
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| sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later |
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3| Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 | |
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| These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions | 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
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