| The Modern Middle East 2nd ed | His father was perhaps of distant Turkish origin, his mother of an Arab family claiming descent from one of the early heroes of Islam |
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| Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798—1939 | Afghani and 'Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam, London: Frank Cass |
"Islam and Liberty", Journal of Democracy 17 1 , p.
9| Abduh was born in 1849, in the Nile Delta, and died at the age of 56, on 11 July 1905 | |
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| New York: Oxford university Press | " Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |
Great Britain: Oxford University Press.